A pure electric vehicle consists of three main parts: an electric drive system, a power supply system, and auxiliary systems. The electric drive system includes a controller, power converter, electric motor, mechanical transmission, and wheels. The electric motor, much like the engine in a traditional car, efficiently converts the electrical energy stored in the battery into kinetic energy to drive the vehicle, or, during braking, converts the kinetic energy from the wheels back into electrical energy to the battery for regenerative braking.
The controller acts like the central nervous system in the human body. Electric vehicles require a comprehensive vehicle control system to coordinate and control all subsystems to achieve optimal overall vehicle performance. The power supply system includes the battery pack and battery management system (BMS). Auxiliary systems include auxiliary power sources, power steering, air conditioning, and lighting.